G. ONE-TIME OR SPECIAL-CIRCUMSTANCE TESTS
15. Islet Autoantibodies (GAD, IA-2, ZnT8, Islet Cell Antibodies)
What it measures: Blood markers of autoimmune activity against the pancreas's insulin-producing cells.
Why it's needed: These are not routine or repeated tests — they are used at diagnosis when there is uncertainty about whether someone has type 1 versus type 2 diabetes (for example, a lean, younger person with rapidly worsening symptoms), or to screen close relatives of someone with type 1 diabetes who may be at higher genetic risk.
How often: Once, at diagnosis if type 1 diabetes is suspected, or as part of risk screening for family members; not part of routine ongoing monitoring.
16. Dental / Periodontal Examination
What it measures: Not a blood test, but an important screening: a dental check for gum disease (periodontal disease).
Why it's needed: Diabetes increases the risk of gum disease, and gum disease, in turn, can make blood sugar control more difficult — the relationship runs in both directions, making regular dental care part of overall diabetes management rather than a separate, unrelated concern.
How often: At least once a year, or as recommended by a dentist.